beta Glucan
[CAS# 9051-97-2]

Identification

• Classification: Biochemical >> Carbohydrate >> Polysaccharide
• Name: beta Glucan
• Synonyms: Paramylon; (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol
• Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₃₂O₁₄
• Molecular Weight: 472.44
• CAS Registry Number: 9051-97-2
• EC Number: 618-576-2
• SMILES: C1[C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]([C@@H]1O)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]([C@@H]2O)O[C@@H]3[C@H](CO[C@@H]([C@H]3O)CO)O)CO)O)CO)O

Properties

• Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm³, Calc.^*
• Index of Refraction: 1.636, Calc.^*
• Boiling Point: 861.4±65.0 ºC (760 mmHg), Calc.^*
• Flash Point: 474.8±34.3 ºC, Calc.^*

^* Calculated using Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs) Software.

Discovory and Applicatios

Beta glucan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, and certain cereals such as oats and barley. It is widely recognized for its immunomodulatory, cholesterol-lowering, and wound-healing properties. The structure of beta glucan varies depending on its source, with different linkages influencing its biological activity. Beta glucans with β-(1,3) and β-(1,6) linkages, typically found in fungi and yeast, are particularly known for their immune-stimulating effects, while those with β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) linkages, found in cereals, are more effective in lowering cholesterol and improving metabolic health.

The discovery of beta glucan dates back to the early 20th century when researchers began investigating the structural components of fungal cell walls. However, its biological significance was first recognized in the 1940s and 1950s when scientists observed its role in modulating immune responses. The isolation and structural characterization of beta glucan were achieved through chromatography and spectroscopy techniques, allowing researchers to understand its diverse biological activities. Early studies demonstrated its ability to enhance the activity of macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, highlighting its potential in immunotherapy.

One of the most significant applications of beta glucan is in immune system modulation. Research has shown that beta glucan can activate innate immune cells, enhancing their ability to recognize and destroy pathogens. This property has led to its use as an adjunct therapy in cancer treatment, infectious diseases, and immune disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that beta glucan supplementation can improve immune response in individuals with weakened immunity, making it a valuable component in nutritional and pharmaceutical formulations.

Another major application of beta glucan is in cardiovascular health. Studies have confirmed that beta glucan derived from oats and barley can lower cholesterol levels by forming a gel-like substance in the digestive tract that binds to bile acids and reduces cholesterol absorption. This effect has been recognized by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority, which have approved health claims linking beta glucan intake to reduced risk of heart disease. Regular consumption of beta glucan-rich foods has been associated with improved lipid profiles and better glycemic control, making it a key dietary component for individuals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes.

Beta glucan is also widely used in dermatology and wound healing. Its ability to stimulate collagen production and promote tissue regeneration has made it a valuable ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Studies have shown that beta glucan can enhance wound healing, reduce inflammation, and improve skin hydration. These properties have led to its inclusion in creams, serums, and wound dressings designed to accelerate recovery from injuries and surgical procedures.

In addition to human health applications, beta glucan is used in veterinary medicine and animal nutrition. Research has demonstrated its benefits in enhancing immune responses in livestock and aquaculture species, leading to improved disease resistance and overall health. Beta glucan supplements are commonly included in animal feed to boost immunity and enhance growth performance, particularly in environments where animals are exposed to high disease pressures.

Despite its broad range of applications, challenges remain in optimizing the bioavailability and efficacy of beta glucan. Variations in molecular structure, solubility, and processing methods can influence its biological activity. Researchers continue to explore advanced extraction and formulation techniques to maximize its therapeutic potential. Efforts are also underway to develop targeted delivery systems that enhance its absorption and effectiveness in different physiological conditions.

In summary, beta glucan is a versatile bioactive compound with significant health benefits, ranging from immune modulation and cardiovascular protection to wound healing and metabolic regulation. Its discovery and continued research have paved the way for numerous medical, nutritional, and industrial applications. As scientific understanding advances, beta glucan is expected to play an even greater role in health and wellness.