Ammonium bicarbonate
[CAS# 1066-33-7]

Identification

• Classification: Inorganic chemical industry >> Inorganic salt >> Inorganic ammonium salt
• Name: Ammonium bicarbonate
• Synonyms: Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
• Molecular Formula: NH₄HCO₃
• Molecular Weight: 79.05
• CAS Registry Number: 1066-33-7
• EC Number: 213-911-5
• SMILES: C(=O)(O)[O-].[NH4+]

Properties

• Solubility: Soluble (cold water), Insoluble (alcohol, acetone) (Expl.)
• Density: 1.586 g/mL (Expl.)
• Melting point: 60 °C (Expl.)

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H302
• Safety Statements: P264-P270-P301+P317-P330-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	3	H412
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335
Acute hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Acute	1	H400
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	2	H411

• Transport Information: UN 9081

Discovery and Applications

Ammonium bicarbonate, with the chemical formula NH₄HCO₃, is an inorganic compound formed by the combination of ammonium and bicarbonate ions. It is commonly encountered as a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Ammonium bicarbonate is primarily used in the production of fertilizers, as a leavening agent in food products, and in various chemical processes. Its discovery and applications have been integral to both industrial processes and everyday products, particularly in agriculture and food production.

The discovery of ammonium bicarbonate can be traced back to early studies on ammonia and carbonic acid compounds. Ammonium salts were first recognized in the 18th century, and research into ammonia production methods grew during the 19th century. Ammonium bicarbonate itself was developed through the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide, which results in the formation of ammonium bicarbonate under specific conditions. The compound's properties were explored as part of broader efforts to better understand the chemistry of nitrogen and its applications.

One of the primary uses of ammonium bicarbonate is in the fertilizer industry. As a source of nitrogen, a vital nutrient for plant growth, ammonium bicarbonate is often used as a component in nitrogenous fertilizers. The compound is highly soluble in water, which allows for efficient nutrient uptake by plants. Its use as a fertilizer dates back to the early 20th century, and it remains an essential material in agricultural practices, particularly for crops that require significant amounts of nitrogen to grow. However, ammonium bicarbonate has been gradually replaced by other nitrogen fertilizers such as urea and ammonium nitrate, which are often more cost-effective.

Ammonium bicarbonate is also used as a leavening agent in the food industry. It is especially useful in the production of biscuits, crackers, and other baked goods. When heated, ammonium bicarbonate decomposes into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water, which creates bubbles in the dough, causing it to rise. This property makes ammonium bicarbonate a key ingredient in recipes where a light, airy texture is desired. While its use as a leavening agent has declined with the advent of baking soda and baking powder, ammonium bicarbonate is still used in specific traditional baking processes.

In addition to its roles in agriculture and food production, ammonium bicarbonate finds applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. It is used as a reagent in the synthesis of other chemicals, particularly in processes requiring the release of ammonia or carbon dioxide. The compound has also been employed in the preparation of certain metal salts and in the purification of other chemical substances.

Despite its usefulness, ammonium bicarbonate must be handled with care. It can be hazardous when inhaled or ingested in large quantities, and prolonged exposure may lead to respiratory irritation. Additionally, its decomposition releases ammonia gas, which is toxic in high concentrations. Therefore, safety protocols are crucial when handling the substance in industrial and laboratory settings.

In conclusion, ammonium bicarbonate is a versatile chemical compound with significant applications in agriculture, food production, and chemical manufacturing. While its role in fertilizers and baking has made it an essential substance, its use is tempered by health and safety considerations. As a key player in the nitrogen cycle and as a component of essential industrial processes, ammonium bicarbonate continues to contribute to various sectors of the global economy.

References

2007. Analysis of cysteine-containing proteins using precolumn derivatization with N-(2-ferroceneethyl)maleimide and liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 388(2), 421-429.
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1260-9

2005. Intravenous Hydrophobic Drug Delivery: A Porous Particle Formulation of Paclitaxel (AI-850). Pharmaceutical Research, 22(3), 347-355.
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-1871-1

2003. Effects of aeration and organic loading rates on degradation of trichloroethylene in a methanogenic-methanotrophic coupled reactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 61(1), 53-60.
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-003-1224-8