Silicon dioxide
[CAS# 112945-52-5]

Identification

• Classification: Inorganic chemical industry >> Inorganic acid
• Name: Silicon dioxide
• Synonyms: dioxosilane; Fumed Silicas; Silica gel
• Molecular Formula: SiO₂
• Molecular Weight: 60.08
• CAS Registry Number: 112945-52-5
• EC Number: 601-216-3
• SMILES: O=[Si]=O

Properties

• Density: 2.3 lb/cu.ft (25 °C)

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS08 Danger
• Risk Statements: H350-H372-H373
• Safety Statements: P203-P260-P264-P270-P280-P318-P319-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335
Carcinogenicity	Carc.	1A	H350
Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure	STOT RE	2	H373
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure	STOT RE	1	H372
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H332
Serious eye damage	Eye Dam.	1	H318

Discovery and Applications

Silicon dioxide, with the chemical formula SiO₂, is a fundamental compound in both nature and industry. Commonly known as silica, it occurs in various forms such as quartz, sand, and glass. Its discovery and extensive applications highlight its significance in multiple domains, from geology to technology.

The history of silicon dioxide dates back to ancient times, with its natural forms being known and used for millennia. Early civilizations used silica in the form of sand and quartz for construction and as abrasives. The systematic study of silicon dioxide began in the 19th century when chemists such as Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Henri Sainte-Claire Deville contributed to the understanding of its chemical properties. They recognized that silicon dioxide was a major component of many minerals and played a crucial role in various geological processes.

One of the primary applications of silicon dioxide is in the production of glass. Silica sand, which is primarily composed of silicon dioxide, is a key raw material in glassmaking. When heated to high temperatures, silicon dioxide melts and can be molded into various glass products. The transparency, durability, and versatility of glass make it essential for applications ranging from windows and containers to optical lenses and electronics.

In addition to its role in glassmaking, silicon dioxide is widely used in the production of ceramics. Silica serves as a primary component in ceramic materials, providing structural integrity and heat resistance. It is used in the manufacture of pottery, tiles, and other ceramic products, where its properties enhance the strength and durability of the final product.

Silicon dioxide is also crucial in the electronics industry. It is used as an insulating material in semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. The ability of silicon dioxide to form a stable, insulating layer on silicon wafers makes it an essential component in the production of computer chips and other electronic components. This application underscores the compound's importance in modern technology and its impact on the advancement of electronic devices.

In the field of construction, silicon dioxide is used as an additive in cement and concrete. Silica fume, a byproduct of silicon metal production, is added to concrete mixtures to improve their strength and durability. The fine particles of silica fume enhance the bonding between cement particles and provide resistance to chemical attack, making concrete structures more resilient.

Silicon dioxide also has applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered foods and pharmaceuticals to prevent clumping and ensure uniform flow. The compound's ability to absorb moisture and improve the handling of powders makes it valuable in these industries.

Despite its many uses, the extraction and processing of silicon dioxide can have environmental impacts. Sand mining for glass and construction materials can lead to habitat destruction and other ecological issues. Efforts are being made to develop more sustainable practices and improve the recycling of silicon dioxide-containing products to mitigate these effects.

Ongoing research continues to explore new applications for silicon dioxide. Advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanostructured forms of silica with unique properties that are being investigated for use in drug delivery, environmental remediation, and advanced materials.

In summary, silicon dioxide is a versatile and essential compound with a wide range of applications across various industries. Its discovery and development have significantly impacted fields such as glassmaking, electronics, and construction, and its continued research promises to uncover new and innovative uses for this important material.

References

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2023. Investigation of Slagging Fouling Aspect of Palm Fiber and Palm Leaves Waste in Drop Tube Furnace. The 6th Mechanical Engineering, Science and Technology (MEST 2022) International Conference.
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