Ammonium chloride
[CAS# 12125-02-9]

Identification

• Classification: API >> Respiratory medication >> Expectorant
• Name: Ammonium chloride
• Molecular Formula: NH₄Cl
• Molecular Weight: 53.49
• CAS Registry Number: 12125-02-9
• EC Number: 235-186-4
• SMILES: [NH4+].[Cl-]

Properties

• Solubility: soluble 36-38 g/100g water
• Density: 1.527
• Melting point: 340-341 °C
• Refractive index: 1.642

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H302-H319
• Safety Statements: P264-P264+P265-P270-P280-P301+P317-P305+P351+P338-P330-P337+P317-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	2	H411
Acute hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Acute	1	H400
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2A	H319
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	1	H410
Germ cell mutagenicity	Muta.	2	H341
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	1	H335
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H332
Skin mild irritation	Skin Mild Irrit. 99	3	H316

• Transport Information: UN 9085

Discovery and Applications

Ammonium chloride, a white crystalline salt, has ancient origins, historically known as “sal ammoniac.” It was first collected from volcanic vents and from the vicinity of the Temple of Ammon in ancient Egypt. Early Middle Eastern alchemists later isolated it from natural deposits. By the 13th century, chemists developed methods to synthesize ammonium chloride from ammonia and hydrochloric acid. This compound became notable for its unique properties and diverse uses in early chemical experiments.

Ammonium chloride is a key nitrogen source in fertilizers, particularly for rice and wheat. Its high solubility ensures quick nitrogen release, essential for plant growth. It supports photosynthesis, enhances soil fertility, and boosts crop yields. Ammonium chloride is beneficial in alkaline soils, where it helps neutralize pH and provide essential nutrients.

In metalworking, ammonium chloride serves as a flux in soldering and metal cleaning. It removes oxides and impurities from metal surfaces, facilitating metal bonding during soldering. It is also used in preparing metals for galvanizing, tinning, and electroplating, ensuring smooth, clean surfaces and strong metal joints and coatings.

Ammonium chloride is used in medications as an expectorant to clear mucus from the respiratory tract. It is included in cough syrups and cold medications for bronchitis, asthma, and respiratory conditions. It increases the acidity of the respiratory tract, thinning mucus and making it easier to expel. It is also used to balance body fluids and maintain acid-base equilibrium in treatments.

In the food industry, ammonium chloride is used as a food additive in licorice and baked goods. It imparts a unique salty and slightly tangy flavor, enhancing candies and confectionery. In some cultures, it is a traditional ingredient in salted licorice. It is also a dough conditioner in bread-making, improving dough strength and texture.

Ammonium chloride is a common laboratory reagent used in various analytical procedures. It is important for preparing buffer solutions and analyzing metal ions. It helps maintain stable pH levels during chemical reactions and experiments. It is also used to precipitate metals in qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Ammonium chloride is used in dry cell batteries, such as zinc-carbon batteries, as an electrolyte. It facilitates the flow of electrical current by providing ions that participate in electrochemical reactions. Its presence in the electrolyte enhances battery performance and lifespan, powering various electronic devices and appliances.

In the textile industry, ammonium chloride is used as a mordant in dyeing processes. It fixes dyes to fabrics, ensuring vibrant and long-lasting colors. It is also a scouring agent in textile manufacturing, cleaning and preparing fibers for dyeing and finishing, contributing to high-quality fabrics with consistent coloration.

References

1979. Balance of net base in the rat. V. Effects of oral ammonium chloride loading. Biology of the neonate.
DOI: 10.1159/000241213

1991. Glucagon and ammonia influence the long-term regulation of phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. The Biochemical journal.
DOI: 10.1042/bj2740103

2023. Assessment of the Effectiveness of Epoxy Resin Insulation by Combining Silane and Sea Sand with Vinyl Silane as a Coupling Agent and Compatibilized by Polyethylene for Electrical Insulation. The 6th Mechanical Engineering, Science and Technology (MEST 2022) International Conference.
DOI: 10.2991/978-94-6463-134-0_7