Spermidine trihydrochloride
[CAS# 334-50-9]

Identification

• Classification: Organic raw materials >> Amino compound >> Acyclic monoamines, polyamines and their derivatives and salts
• Name: Spermidine trihydrochloride
• Synonyms: N'-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine trihydrochloride
• Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₂₆Cl₂Zr
• Molecular Weight: 254.63
• CAS Registry Number: 334-50-9
• EC Number: 206-379-0
• SMILES: C(CCNCCCN)CN.Cl.Cl.Cl

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H315-H319-H335
• Safety Statements: P261-P264-P264+P265-P271-P280-P302+P352-P304+P340-P305+P351+P338-P319-P321-P332+P317-P337+P317-P362+P364-P403+P233-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335

Discovery and Applications

Spermidine trihydrochloride is a polyamine compound that plays a vital role in cellular metabolism and function. Its chemical structure consists of three amine groups that contribute to its biological activity. This compound has attracted a lot of attention due to its involvement in various biological processes and potential therapeutic applications.

Spermidine was originally isolated in the early 20th century by researchers studying the composition of semen, when it was found in high concentrations. Its name is derived from the Latin word "sperma", reflecting its original source of discovery. This compound is naturally present in all organisms and is involved in cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation. Spermidine trihydrochloride is in the hydrochloride form, which enhances its solubility and stability, making it suitable for laboratory and clinical use.

One of the main applications of spermidine trihydrochloride is the study of autophagy, a cellular process involving the degradation and recycling of damaged cellular components. Autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. Studies have shown that spermidine can induce autophagy, which has implications for aging and age-related diseases. By promoting the removal of damaged proteins and organelles, spermidine helps protect cells from stress and prolongs their lifespan.

In the context of aging, spermidine has been found to improve healthspan and lifespan in various model organisms, including yeast, flies, and mice. These findings have sparked interest in the potential of spermidine as a dietary supplement to promote healthy aging in humans. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate its efficacy and safety in human populations. Preliminary results suggest that spermidine supplementation could offer a novel approach to mitigate age-related decline and diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Spermidine trihydrochloride is also used in molecular biology and biochemistry research. It is used to stabilize DNA and RNA structures and improve the efficiency of various enzymatic reactions. For example, spermidine is often added to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mixtures to improve the amplification of DNA. Its ability to bind to nucleic acids and modulate their conformation makes it a valuable tool for studying gene expression and regulation.

In addition to its role in autophagy and nucleic acid stabilization, spermidine is involved in regulating ion channels, protein synthesis, and cell signaling pathways. It acts as a modulator of ion channels, affecting their activity and promoting cellular ion homeostasis. Furthermore, spermidine is involved in the initiation of protein synthesis by promoting the binding of ribosomes to messenger RNA.

The therapeutic potential of spermidine is not limited to aging and cell maintenance. It has shown promise in cancer research, where it appears to inhibit tumor growth and proliferation. Studies have shown that spermidine can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by sensitizing cancer cells to treatment. In addition, its anti-inflammatory properties are being explored for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and conditions.

Standard laboratory precautions are required for handling and storing spermidine trihydrochloride. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry place away from light and moisture to maintain its stability. Appropriate safety measures, such as the use of gloves and goggles, are recommended when preparing and handling spermidine solutions.

References

2024. Polyamine metabolism and transport in the Alzheimer’s disease brain: A transcriptomic study. Alzheimer's & Dementia.
DOI: 10.1002/alz.14183

2024. Protective effects of spermidine against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: Evidence from behavioral, histological, and biochemical analyses. Heliyon, 10(17).
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37185

2024. The protective effect of spermidine against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in mice. Hearing Research, 451.
DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109098