Glycerol formal
[CAS# 4740-78-7]

Identification

• Classification: Chemical reagent >> Organic reagent >> Fatty aldehyde (containing acetal, hemiacetal)
• Name: Glycerol formal
• Synonyms: Glycerol formal; 1,3-Dioxan-5-ol
• Molecular Formula: C₄H₈O₃
• Molecular Weight: 104.10
• CAS Registry Number: 4740-78-7
• EC Number: 225-248-9
• SMILES: C1C(COCO1)O

Properties

• Density: 1.215
• Boiling point: 193-195 °C
• Refractive index: 1.45-1.452
• Flash point: 97 °C

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H319
• Safety Statements: P264+P265-P280-P305+P351+P338-P337+P317

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319

Discovery and Applications

Glycerol formal is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H8O3, which consists of a mixture of 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane and 5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxane. This versatile substance is derived from glycerol, a simple polyol compound, and has found widespread use across industries due to its unique properties.

The discovery of glycerol formal dates back to the mid-20th century, when there was a growing interest in finding effective solvents and carriers for pharmaceutical and other industrial applications. Glycerol itself is a byproduct of biodiesel production, and its abundance and low price prompted researchers to explore its derivatives. Glycerol formal is a promising candidate due to its solvent properties and compatibility with a wide range of substances.

One of the main applications of glycerol formal is in the pharmaceutical industry. It is often used as a solvent and drug delivery vehicle. Glycerol formal's ability to dissolve both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs makes it an ideal carrier in formulations that require consistent and reliable delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. It is particularly valuable in veterinary medicine, where it can be used to formulate animal injections, ensuring efficient and painless drug delivery.

In the cosmetics industry, glycerol formaldehyde is used as an ingredient in a variety of personal care products. Its moisturizing properties, coupled with its ability to mix well with other ingredients, make it a valuable additive to lotions, creams, and other skin care products. Glycerol formaldehyde helps improve the texture and stability of these products, enhancing their efficacy and user experience.

Glycerol formaldehyde can also be used as a solvent and plasticizer in the chemical industry. Its ability as a plasticizer makes it very useful in the production of polymers, where it imparts flexibility and durability to the final product. In addition, glycerol formaldehyde can be used as a solvent in chemical reactions, facilitating the dissolution of reactants and increasing the efficiency of reactions.

Another important application of glycerol formaldehyde is in the agricultural sector. It is used as a carrier for pesticides and herbicides, enhancing the delivery and effectiveness of these agrochemicals. By improving the solubility and stability of the active ingredients, glycerol formaldehyde ensures better coverage and absorption, resulting in more effective control of pests and weeds.

The role of glycerol formaldehyde also extends to the field of environmental science. It is used to formulate environmentally friendly antifreeze and deicing solutions. Due to its low toxicity and biodegradability, glycerol formaldehyde-based antifreeze is considered a safer alternative to traditional ethylene glycol-based products. This makes them suitable for use in sensitive environments, reducing the risk of environmental contamination.

In recent years, glycerol formal has gained attention for its potential use in biofuels. As the world moves toward sustainable and renewable energy sources, glycerol formal is being explored as an additive to improve the performance and stability of biodiesel. Its compatibility with bio-based fuels and its ability to enhance fuel performance make it a promising candidate in the quest for greener energy solutions.

Safety considerations are critical when handling glycerol formal. While it is generally considered safe for use in a variety of applications, appropriate precautions should be taken to avoid inhalation or ingestion, as well as contact with skin and eyes. Proper storage and handling practices, including the use of personal protective equipment, ensure the safe use of glycerol formal in industrial and commercial settings.

References

2014. Synthesis and bactericidal activity of substituted cyclic acetals. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 84.
DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214100119

2013. Acetalization. Biomass Processing over Gold Catalysts.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-00906-3_3

2012. An Efficient Method for the Refinement of 1,3-Methyleneglycerol via Bridged Acetal Exchange and the Synthesis of a Symmetrically Branched Glycerol Trimer. Synthesis, 44.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1289809