Paeonol
[CAS# 552-41-0]

Identification

• Classification: API >> Antipyretic analgesics >> Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Name: Paeonol
• Synonyms: 2'-Hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone; 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one
• Molecular Formula: C₉H₁₀O₃
• Molecular Weight: 166.18
• CAS Registry Number: 552-41-0
• EC Number: 209-012-2
• SMILES: CC(=O)C1=C(C=C(C=C1)OC)O

Properties

• Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm³, Calc.^*
• Melting point: 48-50 °C (Expl.)
• Index of Refraction: 1.538, Calc.^*
• Boiling Point: 301.9±22.0 °C (760 mmHg), Calc.^*, 154 °C (20 mmHg) (Expl.)
• Flash Point: 122.3±15.8 °C, Calc.^*, 113 °C (Expl.)

^* Calculated using Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs) Software.

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H302-H312-H315-H319-H332-H335
• Safety Statements: P261-P264-P264+P265-P270-P271-P280-P301+P317-P302+P352-P304+P340-P305+P351+P338-P317-P319-P321-P330-P332+P317-P337+P317-P362+P364-P403+P233-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H332
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H312
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2A	H319

Discovery and Applications

Paeonol, a phenolic compound, is primarily found in the roots of the peony plant (Paeonia spp.), particularly Paeonia lactiflora. It is recognized for its biological activities and has been utilized in traditional medicine for centuries, especially in East Asia. The compound is a derivative of methylated sinapic acid and has been studied for its therapeutic potential in a variety of health conditions.

The discovery of paeonol is linked to its use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), where it has been employed in various herbal formulations. It is one of the key active ingredients in Paeonia species, widely used to treat conditions like pain, inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. The roots of Paeonia lactiflora were specifically used for their anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects, with paeonol being one of the constituents responsible for these therapeutic actions.

Paeonol is characterized by its distinct chemical structure, which includes a methoxy group attached to a phenol ring, providing the compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties have been a focus of modern pharmacological studies, with numerous investigations confirming the compound's potential in the treatment of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, liver injury, and even cancer.

In terms of biological activity, paeonol has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the modulation of oxidative stress. This makes it a valuable compound in managing chronic inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis and asthma. It also has shown potential for use in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases by helping to reduce lipid peroxidation and improve endothelial function.

One of the key applications of paeonol is in the cosmetic industry. Due to its potent antioxidant activity, paeonol is often incorporated into skin care products, where it helps in protecting the skin from oxidative stress and reducing signs of aging. Additionally, paeonol has antimicrobial properties, which make it useful in topical formulations for treating skin conditions like acne and dermatitis.

Paeonol has also attracted interest in the field of drug development. Studies have suggested that it may possess anticancer properties, as it has been found to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells, including breast, liver, and lung cancer cells. Moreover, paeonol has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective effects, reducing liver damage caused by various toxins and drugs, making it a potential candidate for the development of treatments for liver diseases.

Beyond its medicinal uses, paeonol is sometimes included in flavor and fragrance products due to its pleasant aromatic qualities. Its mild, floral scent makes it a suitable addition to perfumes and scented products, adding a fresh, sweet note.

In conclusion, paeonol is a compound with a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. Modern research continues to uncover its potential in the treatment of various diseases, including cardiovascular and liver diseases, as well as its potential role in cancer therapy. Its uses in the cosmetic and fragrance industries further add to its versatility, making paeonol a compound of continued interest for its therapeutic and industrial applications.

References

2025. Paeonol attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory injury in mastitis by regulating the MAPK and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Research in Veterinary Science.
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105481

2024. Paeonol prevents sepsis-associated encephalopathy via regulating the HIF1A pathway in microglia. International Immunopharmacology.
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113287

2024. Paeonol potentiates colistin efficacy against K. pneumoniae by promoting membrane disruption and oxidative damage. Phytomedicine.
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156061