Propylene carbonate
[CAS# 108-32-7]

Identification

• Classification: Organic raw materials >> Inorganic acid ester
• Name: Propylene carbonate
• Synonyms: 1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate; 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 1,2-Propylene Carbonate
• Molecular Formula: C₄H₆O₃
• Molecular Weight: 102.09
• CAS Registry Number: 108-32-7
• EC Number: 203-572-1
• SMILES: CC1COC(=O)O1

Properties

• Density: 1.204
• Melting point: -49 °C
• Boiling point: 240-243 °C
• Refractive index: 1.42-1.422
• Flash point: 123 °C
• Water solubility: 240 g/L (20 °C)

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H319
• Safety Statements: P264+P265-P280-P305+P351+P338-P337+P317

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2A	H319
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H312

Discovery and Applications

Propylene carbonate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O3. It is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic liquid with a high boiling point and excellent solvating properties. Propylene carbonate is classified as a cyclic carbonate and is widely recognized for its versatility in various industrial applications, particularly in solvents, electrolytes, and chemical intermediates.

The discovery of propylene carbonate can be traced back to the early 20th century, when researchers were exploring the synthesis of cyclic carbonates. Initially, propylene carbonate was synthesized through the reaction of propylene oxide with carbon dioxide. This reaction not only produces propylene carbonate but also serves as a means of recycling carbon dioxide, thereby presenting an environmentally friendly approach to its production. Over the years, advancements in synthesis techniques have improved the efficiency and yield of propylene carbonate, making it more accessible for commercial use.

One of the primary applications of propylene carbonate is as a solvent in various chemical processes. Its polar aprotic nature allows it to dissolve a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds, making it an ideal choice for applications in the paint, coatings, and adhesives industries. Propylene carbonate is often used in the formulation of high-performance paints and coatings, where it enhances the stability and durability of the final product. Its ability to improve the flow and leveling properties of coatings contributes to the aesthetic and functional qualities of painted surfaces.

In addition to its role as a solvent, propylene carbonate is widely utilized as an electrolyte solvent in lithium-ion batteries. Its high dielectric constant and excellent electrochemical stability make it suitable for use in battery applications, where it helps to improve the efficiency and lifespan of the battery. Propylene carbonate is often blended with other solvents to optimize the performance of battery electrolytes, contributing to advancements in energy storage technologies.

Furthermore, propylene carbonate serves as an important intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals. It can be converted into other functionalized compounds, including amides, esters, and polyols, making it a valuable building block in organic synthesis. Its reactivity and versatility enable its use in the production of a wide array of chemical products, ranging from surfactants to pharmaceutical intermediates.

Despite its many beneficial applications, propylene carbonate is associated with certain health and environmental considerations. While it is generally regarded as safe for use in many applications, prolonged exposure may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. Therefore, appropriate safety measures should be implemented during its handling and use in industrial settings. Additionally, ongoing research is being conducted to assess its environmental impact, particularly in terms of biodegradability and potential toxicity.

In summary, propylene carbonate is a significant organic compound with diverse applications as a solvent, electrolyte, and chemical intermediate. Its discovery and subsequent development have contributed to its widespread use in industries such as paints, coatings, and energy storage. As research continues to explore new applications and address safety concerns, propylene carbonate is expected to remain a vital substance in both industrial and consumer products.

References

2018. Immobilizing Polyether Imidazole Ionic Liquids on ZSM-5 Zeolite for the Catalytic Synthesis of Propylene Carbonate from Carbon Dioxide. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland).
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102710

2012. Organic carbonates as stabilizing solvents for transition-metal nanoparticles. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England: 2003).
DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30668a

2024. Investigation of (guar gum-ammonium bromide-propylene carbonate) solid polymer electrolyte for energy storage application. Ionics.
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-024-05953-z