1,4-Butanediol
[CAS# 110-63-4]

Identification

• Classification: Organic raw materials >> Alcohols, phenols, phenolic compounds and derivatives >> Acyclic alcohol
• Name: 1,4-Butanediol
• Synonyms: 1,4-Dihydroxybutane; 1,4-Butylene glycol; Tetramethylene glycol
• Molecular Formula: C₄H₁₀O₂
• Molecular Weight: 90.12
• CAS Registry Number: 110-63-4
• EC Number: 203-786-5
• SMILES: C(CCO)CO

Properties

• Density: 1.017
• Melting point: 20 °C
• Boiling point: 229.2 °C (759.8513 mmHg)
• Refractive index: 1.4442-1.4462
• Flash point: 135 °C
• Water solubility: Miscible

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H302-H336
• Safety Statements: P261-P264-P270-P271-P301+P317-P304+P340-P319-P330-P403+P233-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H336
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	1	H370
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335

Discovery and Applications

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless, odorless liquid that is classified as a diol or glycol. It has the molecular formula C4H10O2 and is a key building block in the production of a variety of chemicals and polymers. The compound is characterized by its hydroxyl functional groups, which confer reactivity and versatility in chemical processes. 1,4-Butanediol is primarily produced through the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride, but it can also be synthesized from other feedstocks such as butylene and propylene oxide.

The discovery of 1,4-butanediol can be traced back to the early 20th century. It was first synthesized in 1900 by the German chemist Hermann Staudinger, who developed a method for its production through the catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride. The compound's unique properties soon led to its exploration in various industrial applications, particularly in the field of polymers and solvents.

One of the most significant applications of 1,4-butanediol is in the production of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), a thermoplastic polymer that exhibits excellent mechanical and thermal properties. PBT is widely used in the automotive, electrical, and consumer goods industries due to its durability and resistance to chemicals. The incorporation of 1,4-butanediol in the synthesis of PBT enhances the polymer's properties, making it suitable for applications ranging from automotive parts to electrical connectors.

In addition to its role in polymer production, 1,4-butanediol is used as a solvent in various chemical processes. Its excellent solvency properties make it an effective medium for dissolving a wide range of substances, including resins, plastics, and dyes. This characteristic is particularly beneficial in the coatings and adhesives industry, where 1,4-butanediol is utilized to formulate products that require high-performance characteristics.

Furthermore, 1,4-butanediol serves as an important precursor in the synthesis of other chemical compounds, including gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). GBL is used as a solvent and in the manufacture of polymers, while THF is a key solvent in the production of spandex fibers and other elastomers. The versatility of 1,4-butanediol as a chemical intermediate underscores its significance in the chemical industry.

Despite its wide range of applications, 1,4-butanediol is associated with certain health and safety concerns. Exposure to high concentrations can lead to central nervous system depression, and safety protocols are essential in industrial settings to minimize risks. Furthermore, regulatory agencies have established guidelines to address potential environmental impacts related to its production and use.

In summary, 1,4-butanediol is a crucial organic compound with diverse applications in the production of polymers, solvents, and chemical intermediates. Its discovery in the early 20th century has paved the way for its widespread use in various industrial processes. As research continues to explore new applications and assess safety considerations, 1,4-butanediol is expected to remain an essential component in the chemical industry.

References

2024. Synthesis of Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Butylene-2,6-Naphthalate) Copolymer and Fibers: Characteristics, Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Fibers and Polymers, 25(12).
DOI: 10.1007/s12221-024-00805-z

2024. Advances in biosynthesis and downstream processing of diols. Biotechnology Advances, 71.
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108455

2024. A Review on the Transformative Effects of Extrusion Parameters on Poly(Butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/Poly(Lactic acid) Blends in 3D Printing. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 32(12).
DOI: 10.1007/s10924-024-03447-7