Ferrous gluconate
[CAS# 299-29-6]

Identification

• Classification: API >> Blood system medication >> Anti-anemia drug
• Name: Ferrous gluconate
• Synonyms: Iron gluconate; Glucoferron
• Molecular Formula: C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄
• Molecular Weight: 446.15
• CAS Registry Number: 299-29-6 (18829-42-0)
• EC Number: 206-076-3
• SMILES: C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.[Fe+2]

Properties

• Melting point: 140 °C

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS05;GHS07 Danger
• Risk Statements: H302-H318-H319
• Safety Statements: P264-P264+P265-P270-P280-P301+P317-P305+P351+P338-P305+P354+P338-P317-P330-P337+P317-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Serious eye damage	Eye Dam.	1	H318

Discovery and Applications

Ferrous gluconate emerged in the early 20th century as researchers were searching for an effective iron supplement to address a common global health problem: iron deficiency. Combining ferrous iron (Fe+2) with glucose-derived gluconic acid, the resulting compound offers a more soluble and less irritating alternative to earlier iron supplements, an important ingredient in treating iron deficiency-related conditions. Ferrous gluconate is a pale yellow or greenish yellow powder or granules that is odorless and highly soluble in water. Its structure, consisting of gluconate ions bound to ferrous iron, promotes the release and absorption of iron in the body. This property ensures efficient delivery of iron while minimizing the gastrointestinal side effects often seen with other iron supplements.

Ferrous gluconate is primarily used to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia, a condition characterized by iron deficiency that results in decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell production. It is taken orally in tablet or liquid form, providing patients with a convenient and well-tolerated option. It is also a key ingredient in prenatal vitamins and postpartum supplements to meet iron needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. This helps prevent anemia in the mother and promotes healthy fetal development.

In the food industry, ferrous gluconate is used to fortify a variety of foods and beverages. It is often added to breakfast cereals, bread, flour, and infant formula to increase their iron content. This fortification helps address iron deficiency in populations with inadequate dietary intake and contributes to improved overall public health.

Ferrous gluconate acts as a color stabilizer during black olive production. It reacts with polyphenolic compounds in the olives, helping the olives gain and maintain their characteristic dark color during processing and canning.

In addition to its use in treating anemia, ferrous gluconate is included in a variety of over-the-counter dietary supplements to provide a source of iron for those who need added nutrition. It is also used in an injection form for patients who are unable to take oral iron supplements due to gastrointestinal issues or severe iron deficiency.

Ferrous gluconate is generally well tolerated, but like all iron supplements, it can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as constipation, nausea, and stomach upset in some people. It is critical to follow recommended dosages and guidelines to avoid toxicity and organ damage that can result from iron overdose. Due to the risk of accidental overdose, iron supplements should be kept out of the reach of children.

References

2024. High internal phase Pickering emulsions co-loaded with astaxanthin and ferrous gluconate improve iron deficiency anemia in mice and their applications in 3D printing. Food Research International, 197.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115242

2018. Porous graphite: A facile synthesis from ferrous gluconate and excellent performance as anode electrocatalyst of microbial fuel cell. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 109.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.001

2015. A Reaction of Aspirin with Ferrous Gluconate. AAPS PharmSciTech, 16(6).
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0316-y