Berberine hydrochloride
[CAS# 633-65-8]

Identification

• Classification: API >> Synthetic anti-infective drugs >> Natural source anti-infectives
• Name: Berberine hydrochloride
• Synonyms: Berberine chloride form; Natural Yellow 18
• Molecular Formula: C₂₀H₁₈NO₄.Cl
• Molecular Weight: 371.82
• CAS Registry Number: 633-65-8
• EC Number: 211-195-9
• SMILES: COC1=C(C2=C[N+]3=C(C=C2C=C1)C4=CC5=C(C=C4CC3)OCO5)OC.[Cl-]

Properties

• Melting point: 200 °C
• Water solubility: SOLUBLE IN COLD WATER

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS08 Warning
• Risk Statements: H302-H315-H319-H335
• Safety Statements: P261-P305+P351+P338

Discovery and Applications

Berberine hydrochloride, a salt form of berberine, is an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from various plants, particularly from the genus Berberis, which includes barberry, goldenseal, and Oregon grape. Berberine has a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in Chinese and Ayurvedic practices, where it was utilized for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The compound was first isolated in the early 19th century, around 1827, and subsequently gained attention for its potential health benefits and therapeutic applications.

In modern medicine, berberine hydrochloride has been extensively studied for its pharmacological effects. It is recognized for its ability to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, making it a valuable agent in managing metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Clinical studies have demonstrated that berberine can significantly lower blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These effects are attributed to berberine's ability to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of energy homeostasis in the body.

Moreover, berberine hydrochloride exhibits antimicrobial properties, effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. This makes it a useful compound in treating infections, particularly gastrointestinal infections. Its antibacterial activity has been explored in the treatment of conditions like diarrhea caused by bacterial pathogens and gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Beyond its metabolic and antimicrobial benefits, berberine hydrochloride has garnered interest for its potential role in cardiovascular health. Studies suggest that berberine can improve endothelial function, reduce inflammation, and inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, contributing to overall heart health. Its antioxidant properties further support cardiovascular wellness by reducing oxidative stress.

In addition to its therapeutic applications, berberine hydrochloride is also utilized in dietary supplements and herbal formulations. It is commonly marketed as a natural remedy for weight management, digestive health, and overall well-being. However, consumers are advised to exercise caution and consult healthcare professionals before incorporating berberine into their regimen, as it may interact with various medications and cause side effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort.

Despite its numerous applications, research on berberine hydrochloride is ongoing, with studies exploring its mechanisms of action and potential uses in various health conditions. Its ability to modulate gut microbiota composition is an exciting area of investigation, linking its benefits to gut health and broader metabolic effects.

In conclusion, berberine hydrochloride is a bioactive compound with a rich history and diverse applications in medicine and health. Its metabolic-regulating, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties make it a valuable agent in traditional and modern therapeutic practices. Continued research into its mechanisms and potential uses will likely enhance its standing in integrative medicine and pharmacology.

References

1912. Alkaloide der Pareirawurzel. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften, 33(1).
DOI: 10.1007/bf01523775

2024. Berberine hydrochloride reduces staphyloxanthin synthesis by inhibiting fni genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular Biology Reports, 51(1).
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09698-w

2024. Development of Ethyl Cellulose and Lecithin Nanoparticles: Permeability Enhancement for Berberine Topical Application. BioNanoScience, 14(4).
DOI: 10.1007/s12668-024-01687-4