1-Propanol
[CAS# 71-23-8]

Identification

• Classification: Organic raw materials >> Alcohols, phenols, phenolic compounds and derivatives >> Acyclic alcohol
• Name: 1-Propanol
• Synonyms: Propan-1-ol; Propyl alcohol
• Molecular Formula: C₃H₈O
• Molecular Weight: 60.10
• CAS Registry Number: 71-23-8
• EC Number: 200-746-9
• FEMA: 2928
• SMILES: CCCO

Properties

• Density: 0.8
• Melting point: -127 °C
• Boiling point: 97 °C
• Refractive index: 1.384-1.386
• Flash point: 15 °C
• Water solubility: soluble

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS02;GHS05;GHS07 Danger
• Risk Statements: H225-H336-H318
• Safety Statements: P210-P233-P240-P241-P242-P243-P261-P264-P264+P265-P270-P271-P280-P301+P317-P303+P361+P353-P304+P340-P305+P354+P338-P317-P319-P330-P370+P378-P403+P233-P403+P235-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Serious eye damage	Eye Dam.	1	H318
Flammable liquids	Flam. Liq.	2	H225
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H336
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335

• Transport Information: UN 1274

Discovery and Applications

1-Propanol, also known as n-propanol or propan-1-ol, is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C3H8O. It is characterized by a three-carbon straight-chain structure, with a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to the first carbon. The discovery of 1-propanol can be traced back to the early 19th century when chemists began to explore the properties of alcohols. The compound was first identified by the reduction of propionic acid, a fatty acid that is naturally occurring in various fats and oils. Over the years, various methods have been developed for synthesizing 1-propanol, including fermentation, hydroformylation, and the catalytic hydrogenation of propylene oxide.

1-Propanol is widely utilized in both industrial and laboratory settings due to its versatile properties. One of its primary applications is as a solvent, where it effectively dissolves a variety of polar and nonpolar compounds, making it valuable in the formulation of paints, coatings, and adhesives. Additionally, 1-propanol is used as an intermediate in the production of various chemicals, including but not limited to, propyl acetate, propylene glycol, and other alcohols.

In the pharmaceutical industry, 1-propanol is employed as a solvent and a reagent in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Its ability to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs makes it a useful excipient in drug formulation. Moreover, it serves as a preservative and stabilizing agent in certain formulations, contributing to the longevity and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products.

In the field of cosmetics and personal care, 1-propanol is used in a range of products such as lotions, perfumes, and hair care items. Its quick evaporation rate and low toxicity profile make it an attractive choice for formulating cosmetic products that require a smooth application without a greasy residue.

Despite its wide range of applications, handling 1-propanol requires adherence to safety guidelines. While it is generally regarded as safe for use in many applications, it is important to be aware of potential hazards, including flammability and skin irritation upon direct contact. Proper ventilation and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are recommended when working with this compound.

Research continues to explore new applications and methods for the synthesis of 1-propanol. Innovative studies are investigating its role in green chemistry and sustainable practices, aiming to reduce environmental impacts while maximizing efficiency in its production and use.

In summary, 1-propanol is a significant alcohol in both industrial and laboratory settings, recognized for its utility as a solvent, reagent, and intermediate in chemical synthesis. Its diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other industries highlight its importance in contemporary chemistry.

References

1987. Conformational studies of alpha-globin in 1-propanol: propensity of the alcohol to limit the sites of proteolytic cleavage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84(20).
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.20.7014

1987. General anesthetics can competitively interfere with sensitive membrane proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84(16).
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5972

1991. Human liver alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidation of the intermediary alcohols of the shunt pathway of mevalonate metabolism. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 174(2).
DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91474-q