N-Acetyl-beta-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-histidine
[CAS# 820959-17-9]

Identification

• Classification: Biochemical >> Amino acids and their derivatives >> Histidine derivative
• Name: N-Acetyl-beta-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-histidine
• Molecular Formula: C₂₀H₂₈N₈O₇
• Molecular Weight: 492.49
• Protein Sequence: XHSH
• CAS Registry Number: 820959-17-9
• SMILES: CC(=O)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CN=CN2)C(=O)O

Properties

• Density: 1.443

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H315-H319-H335
• Safety Statements: P261-P305+P351+P338

Discovery and Applications

N-Acetyl-beta-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-histidine, commonly known as carnosine, was discovered in 1900 by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich. Gulevich identified this dipeptide in muscle tissue, noting its potential role in muscle function and metabolism. Carnosine is composed of beta-alanine and histidine and is naturally occurring in the skeletal muscles and brain of many animals, including humans. The discovery of carnosine provided insights into muscle biochemistry and laid the groundwork for exploring its physiological and pharmacological properties.

Carnosine is well-regarded for its antioxidant capabilities. It helps to neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress in cells. This property makes it valuable in protecting tissues from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are implicated in aging and various chronic diseases. Carnosine's antioxidant action is beneficial in maintaining cellular health and preventing the progression of degenerative conditions.

Carnosine is effective in preventing the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which result from the reaction between sugars and proteins or lipids. AGEs are associated with aging and the development of diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. By inhibiting glycation, carnosine helps to maintain protein structure and function, thereby contributing to metabolic health and longevity.

Carnosine is naturally abundant in muscle tissue, where it plays a critical role in buffering hydrogen ions during high-intensity exercise. This buffering capacity helps to maintain pH balance in muscles, delaying the onset of fatigue and improving exercise performance. Athletes and bodybuilders often use carnosine supplements to enhance endurance, strength, and recovery.

Carnosine has shown promise in supporting neurological health. Its antioxidant and anti-glycation properties help protect neurons from oxidative and glycation stress, which are factors in neurodegenerative diseases. Research suggests that carnosine supplementation may have potential benefits in conditions like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease by protecting neural tissues and improving cognitive function.

Carnosine is utilized in dermatology for its role in promoting wound healing and skin health. Its ability to combat oxidative stress and glycation makes it effective in reducing skin aging signs, such as wrinkles and loss of elasticity. Carnosine-containing skincare products are formulated to improve skin appearance and resilience, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging treatments.

Due to its anti-glycation effects, carnosine is investigated for its potential in managing diabetes. By reducing the formation of AGEs, carnosine helps mitigate the complications associated with diabetes, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular issues. It offers a complementary approach to conventional diabetes treatments, aiming to preserve tissue health and function.

References

2018. The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products. Scientific Data, 5.
DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.125