Allantoin
[CAS# 97-59-6]

Identification

• Classification: API >> Special medicine >> Surgical medication
• Name: Allantoin
• Synonyms: 5-Ureidohydantoin; Glyoxyldiureide; Glyoxylic diureide; Cordianine; Glyoxyldiureid; (2,5-Dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea
• Molecular Formula: C₄H₆N₄O₃
• Molecular Weight: 158.12
• CAS Registry Number: 97-59-6
• EC Number: 202-592-8
• SMILES: C1(C(=O)NC(=O)N1)NC(=O)N

Properties

• Density: 2.2±0.1 g/cm³, Calc.^*
• Melting point: 230 °C
• Decomposition: 230-234 °C
• Index of Refraction: 1.861, Calc.^*
• Boiling Point: 461.3±55.0 °C (760 mmHg), Calc.^*
• Flash Point: 232.8±31.5 °C, Calc.^*

^* Calculated using Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs) Software.

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Risk Statements: H302
• Safety Statements: P264-P270-P301+P317-P330-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H312
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H332
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2A	H319

Discovery and Applications

Allantoin, chemically known as 5-ureidohydantoin, is a naturally occurring compound that has garnered significant interest since its discovery in the early 19th century. Initially identified in the urine of mammals and later isolated from plants such as comfrey, allantoin has been the subject of extensive research due to its unique biological properties. The compound is a white, odorless, crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol, making it suitable for various applications across multiple industries.

One of the primary applications of allantoin is in the cosmetic and skincare industry. Due to its well-known soothing, moisturizing, and healing properties, allantoin is commonly incorporated into creams, lotions, and ointments. It acts as a skin protectant by promoting cell proliferation and enhancing tissue repair. This property makes it beneficial for treating minor cuts, abrasions, and skin irritations. Allantoin's ability to soften keratin also contributes to its effectiveness in improving skin texture and overall appearance, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging and acne treatment formulations.

In addition to its cosmetic uses, allantoin plays a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. It is often included in topical formulations due to its wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies have demonstrated that allantoin can accelerate the healing process of skin lesions and reduce inflammation, making it valuable in the treatment of various dermatological conditions. Furthermore, it is used in formulations for oral care products, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, due to its gentle action and ability to promote healing in oral tissues.

The application of allantoin extends to the agricultural sector, where it is utilized as a plant growth stimulant. Research has shown that allantoin can enhance seed germination and root development, contributing to improved plant growth and yield. This property makes it an attractive additive in fertilizers and plant care products, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

Despite its many benefits, the safety of allantoin is a key consideration in its use. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory agencies when used in appropriate concentrations. However, it is essential for manufacturers to adhere to established guidelines to ensure consumer safety and efficacy in products containing allantoin.

Recent research continues to explore the potential applications of allantoin in novel areas, such as drug delivery systems and regenerative medicine. The compound's biocompatibility and ability to promote cell proliferation make it a candidate for innovative therapeutic strategies, particularly in wound healing and tissue engineering.

In conclusion, allantoin is a versatile compound with significant applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Its discovery and subsequent research have highlighted its valuable properties, contributing to advancements in skincare, wound healing, and plant growth. As research progresses, allantoin is likely to find even broader applications, reinforcing its importance in various industries.

References

2003. An hypothesis for a mechanism underlying hepatotoxin-induced hypercreatinuria. Archives of Toxicology, 77(4).
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-002-0431-x

2000. A modified HET-CAM assay approach to the assessment of anti-irritant properties of plant extracts. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 38(10).
DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00091-0

1998. Simultaneous measurement of allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications, 704(1-2).
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00459-3