Palmatine chloride
[CAS# 10605-02-4]

Identification

• Classification: API >> Synthetic anti-infective drugs >> Natural source anti-infectives
• Name: Palmatine chloride
• Synonyms: 2,3,9,10-Tetramethoxy-5,6-dihydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7-ium chloride
• Molecular Formula: C₂₁H₂₂ClNO₄
• Molecular Weight: 387.86
• CAS Registry Number: 10605-02-4 (947153-64-2)
• EC Number: 830-625-1
• SMILES: COC1=C(C2=C[N+]3=C(C=C2C=C1)C4=CC(=C(C=C4CC3)OC)OC)OC.[Cl-]

Properties

• Solubility: DMSO: 32mg/mL (Expl.)

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Hazard Statements: H302-H315-H319
• Precautionary Statements: P264-P264+P265-P270-P280-P301+P317-P302+P352-P305+P351+P338-P321-P330-P332+P317-P337+P317-P362+P364-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319

Discovory and Applicatios

Palmatine chloride is a protoberberine alkaloid, primarily isolated from the rhizomes of *Coptis chinensis* and other Berberidaceae family members. It has been utilized in traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes, including the treatment of jaundice, liver-related diseases, hypertension, and inflammation. The compound has garnered attention for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and antiprotozoal effects.

The discovery of palmatine chloride dates back to the early 20th century, with its isolation from *Coptis chinensis* being a significant milestone. Since then, extensive research has been conducted to elucidate its chemical structure, pharmacological properties, and potential therapeutic applications. Advances in analytical techniques have facilitated the identification and quantification of palmatine chloride in various plant species, leading to a deeper understanding of its distribution and concentration in medicinal plants.

In terms of application, palmatine chloride has been explored for its potential in treating various diseases. Its anticancer properties have been a focal point of research, with studies indicating its ability to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, its neuroprotective effects suggest potential benefits in treating neurodegenerative diseases. The compound's antimicrobial properties have also been investigated, highlighting its potential in combating bacterial and fungal infections.

The synthesis of palmatine chloride has been achieved through various methods, including chemical synthesis and extraction from natural sources. Chemical synthesis involves the construction of the palmatine chloride molecule through a series of chemical reactions, while extraction methods focus on isolating the compound from plant materials. Both approaches have their advantages and limitations, with ongoing research aimed at optimizing these methods to enhance yield and purity.

Despite its promising therapeutic potential, the clinical application of palmatine chloride remains limited. Further studies are needed to establish its efficacy and safety in humans, as well as to develop standardized formulations for clinical use. Regulatory approval and clinical trials will be essential steps in translating the compound's potential into practical medical applications.

In summary, palmatine chloride is a bioactive alkaloid with a rich history in traditional medicine and a growing body of research supporting its therapeutic potential. Continued investigation into its pharmacological properties, synthesis methods, and clinical applications will be crucial in determining its role in modern medicine.

References

2024. Disruption of PHF6 Peptide Aggregation from Tau Protein: Mechanisms of Palmatine Chloride in Preventing Early PHF6 Aggregation. ACS Chemical Neuroscience.
DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00353

2024. Predominant Binding Mode of Palmatine to DNA. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters.
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02721

2024. Palmatine Ameliorates Motor Deficits and Dopaminergic Neuron Loss by Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome through Mitophagy in Parkinson's Disease Model Mice. Molecular Neurobiology.
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04367-2