Aryl compounds are organic compounds containing one or more aromatic rings, characterized by a planar ring structure with delocalized π electrons. The most common aryl compound is benzene, which is a typical aromatic ring. Aryl compounds can be classified based on the substitution pattern on the aromatic ring, with various substituents such as alkyl, halogen, nitro, and hydroxyl groups. Aryl compounds have a wide range of applications in both academic research and industrial processes. In organic synthesis, they serve as key building blocks for the construction of complex molecules through various reactions such as electrophilic aromatic substitution, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. In medicinal chemistry, many drugs and bioactive molecules contain aromatic moieties. In addition, aryl compounds are important components in dyes, pigments, polymers, and materials science, where their aromaticity imparts desirable electronic and optical properties.
