Joro spider toxin
[CAS# 112163-33-4]

Identification

• Classification: Biological >> Proteins and peptides
• Name: Joro spider toxin
• Synonyms: (2S)-N-[5-[3-[4-(3-Aminopropylamino)butylamino]propanoylamino]pentyl]-2-[[2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]butanediamide
• Molecular Formula: C₂₇H₄₇N₇O₆
• Molecular Weight: 565.71
• CAS Registry Number: 112163-33-4
• EC Number: 690-703-4
• SMILES: C1=CC(=C(C=C1O)O)CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)NCCCCCNC(=O)CCNCCCCNCCCN

Properties

• Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm³, Calc.^*
• Index of Refraction: 1.593, Calc.^*
• Boiling Point: 850.5±75.0 °C (760 mmHg), Calc.^*
• Flash Point: 468.2±37.1 °C, Calc.^*

^* Calculated using Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs) Software.

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS06 Danger
• Risk Statements: H300-H310-H330
• Safety Statements: P260-P262-P264-P270-P271-P280-P284-P301+P316-P302+P352-P304+P340-P316-P320-P321-P330-P361+P364-P403+P233-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	1	H310
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	2	H300
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	1	H330

Discovery and Applications

Joro spider toxin, derived from the venom of the Joro spider (*Trichonephila clavata*), is a complex neurotoxin that has gained scientific interest due to its unique properties and potential applications. The Joro spider, native to East Asia, was known for its venomous bite long before its toxins were chemically studied. The isolation and identification of the specific toxin components occurred in the late 20th century as advancements in biochemical techniques allowed researchers to analyze the venom more thoroughly. These toxins affect the nervous systems of prey, making them useful in scientific research for understanding neural processes.

Joro spider toxin functions primarily by targeting ion channels in nerve cells, disrupting the normal flow of ions like calcium and potassium. This interference leads to paralysis in smaller animals, a key mechanism that helps the spider immobilize its prey. In laboratory settings, the neurotoxin has been studied extensively for its effects on synaptic transmission and its potential as a tool in neurobiological research. Scientists use this toxin to investigate the functioning of ion channels, which play critical roles in transmitting signals in the nervous system.

In addition to its research applications, Joro spider toxin has been explored for potential therapeutic uses. Neurotoxins like those found in the Joro spider are being investigated for their ability to selectively target certain neurological pathways. This could open avenues for the development of novel treatments for conditions like chronic pain, where modulation of nerve signaling is crucial. Though still in early stages, research into the medical applications of Joro spider toxin holds promise.

Joro spider toxin is also of interest in the field of pest control. Its specificity for invertebrate nervous systems makes it a candidate for developing bioinsecticides. Such bioinsecticides could offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical pesticides, reducing the impact on non-target species while effectively controlling pest populations. However, further research is needed to ensure its safety and efficacy in agricultural settings.

References

2009. Syntheses and biological activities of fluorescent-labeled analogs of acylpolyamine toxin NPTX-594 isolated from the venom of Madagascar Joro spider. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.029

2010. Solid-Phase Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Joro Spider Toxin-4 from Nephila clavata. Journal of Natural Products.
DOI: 10.1021/np100746w

2014. Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Spider Polyamine Toxins as Inhibitors of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. ChemMedChem.
DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402278