Lithium hydroxide
[CAS# 1310-65-2]

Identification

• Classification: Inorganic chemical industry >> Inorganic base
• Name: Lithium hydroxide
• Molecular Formula: LiOH
• Molecular Weight: 23.95
• CAS Registry Number: 1310-65-2
• EC Number: 215-183-4
• SMILES: [Li+].[OH-]

Properties

• Density: 1.43
• Melting point: 462 ºC
• Boiling Point: 924 ºC
• Water solubility: 113 g/L (20 ºC)

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS05;GHS06;GHS07 Danger
• Hazard Statements: H301-H302-H314-H318
• Precautionary Statements: P260-P264-P264+P265-P270-P280-P301+P316-P301+P317-P301+P330+P331-P302+P361+P354-P304+P340-P305+P354+P338-P316-P317-P321-P330-P363-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Skin corrosion	Skin Corr.	1B	H314
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Serious eye damage	Eye Dam.	1	H318
Skin corrosion	Skin Corr.	1A	H314
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	3	H301
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	3	H311
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	2	H411
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	3	H412
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	3	H331
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H332
Reproductive toxicity	Lact.	-	H362
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H312

• Transport Information: UN 2680

Discovory and Applicatios

Lithium hydroxide, with the chemical formula LiOH, is a white crystalline compound that has become an essential substance in various industrial and technological applications. Its discovery and increasing relevance are closely tied to the expanding use of lithium and its compounds in modern technologies, particularly in energy storage and manufacturing. Lithium hydroxide stands out for its basicity and high solubility in water, making it an important reagent in numerous chemical processes.

Lithium itself was first discovered by Swedish chemist Johan August Arfvedson in 1817 during his analysis of petalite ore. However, the production and identification of lithium hydroxide came later, when scientists began exploring lithium compounds more deeply. Lithium hydroxide is typically produced by reacting lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide in aqueous solution, resulting in a highly soluble compound with diverse applications.

Structurally, lithium hydroxide consists of a lithium cation (Li⁺) and a hydroxide anion (OH⁻), making it a strong base that reacts readily with acids to form lithium salts. Its basic properties and solubility have made it an important component in the manufacture of various lithium-based products. Its relatively simple structure and reactivity offer numerous possibilities for industrial and chemical applications.

One of the primary applications of lithium hydroxide is in the production of lithium-ion batteries, which have revolutionized the energy storage industry. Lithium hydroxide is used as a precursor in the manufacture of cathode materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), which are key components of rechargeable batteries. These batteries are used in a range of devices, from smartphones to electric vehicles (EVs). As the demand for electric vehicles continues to grow, the production and demand for lithium hydroxide have seen a corresponding increase due to its role in improving battery performance and energy density.

Beyond its role in battery production, lithium hydroxide is also crucial in several other industrial processes. In the ceramics and glass industries, lithium hydroxide acts as a flux, lowering the melting point of silica and improving the strength and durability of glass products. In greases and lubricants, lithium hydroxide reacts with fatty acids to produce lithium-based greases, which are valued for their thermal stability, water resistance, and mechanical properties, making them widely used in automotive and industrial machinery.

Lithium hydroxide also finds applications in air purification systems, especially in submarines and spacecraft, where it plays a key role in removing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air. When CO₂ comes into contact with lithium hydroxide, it reacts to form lithium carbonate and water, effectively scrubbing the air and ensuring a breathable atmosphere in enclosed environments. This critical function has made lithium hydroxide an essential material in space missions and other confined spaces where air quality must be carefully controlled.

In addition to these practical applications, lithium hydroxide has garnered attention in environmental research. Its use in carbon capture technologies is being explored as part of efforts to mitigate climate change by reducing atmospheric CO₂ levels. Researchers are investigating how lithium hydroxide can be integrated into carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems to capture carbon dioxide from industrial emissions.

Lithium hydroxide’s versatility and effectiveness in a wide range of applications underline its importance in modern industry and technology. From its key role in energy storage systems to its use in advanced ceramics and environmental technologies, lithium hydroxide remains a vital chemical in driving technological advancement and addressing global challenges such as clean energy and climate change.

References

2013. Reversibility of anodic lithium in rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries. Nature Communications, 4.
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3255

2024. Valuable metals recovery from spent ternary lithium-ion battery: A review. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 31(11).
DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2895-7

2024. LiNbO3 coating improves property of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 for lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Ionics, 30(12).
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-024-05991-7