Polyquaternium-53
[CAS# 84647-38-1]

Identification

• Classification: Surfactant >> Cationic surfactant >> Quaternary ammonium salt type
• Name: Polyquaternium-53
• Synonyms: 1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-((2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino)-, chloride (1:1), polymer with 2-propenamide AND 2-propenoic acid
• Molecular Weight: ~1200000
• CAS Registry Number: 84647-38-1
• EC Number: 680-330-5
• SMILES: C(CC(CC(C(=O)N)[*])(C)C(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)C)(C(O)=O)C[*].[Cl-]

Discovory and Applicatios

Polyquaternium-53 is a cationic polyelectrolyte used primarily in personal care products, particularly in hair and skin care formulations, as a conditioning agent and film-former. It is part of the polyquaternium family, a group of quaternary ammonium polymers known for their positive charge, which enhances adhesion to negatively charged surfaces like hair and skin. Its discovery and applications are well-documented in the literature, rooted in the development of cationic polymers for cosmetic and industrial applications.

The origins of polyquaternium-53 are tied to the evolution of quaternary ammonium polymers, which began gaining traction in the mid-20th century for their surfactant and conditioning properties. The polyquaternium class, standardized by the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI), emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as the cosmetic industry sought polymers with improved substantivity, conditioning, and compatibility. Polyquaternium-53, a specific copolymer, was developed to provide enhanced film-forming, moisturizing, and detangling properties, particularly in hair care products. Advances in polymer synthesis, including controlled radical polymerization and quaternization techniques, enabled the tailored design of such compounds.

Chemically, polyquaternium-53 is typically a copolymer of acrylamide, acrylic acid, and a quaternized monomer, such as acrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride, with the quaternary ammonium groups providing the cationic charge. Its exact composition may vary by manufacturer, but it generally features a high molecular weight and a balance of hydrophilic and cationic moieties. Synthetically, it is prepared via free-radical copolymerization of the monomers in an aqueous medium, followed by quaternization to introduce the cationic groups. The process involves initiators like ammonium persulfate and careful control of monomer ratios to achieve the desired charge density and molecular weight. These steps rely on well-established polymer chemistry protocols, ensuring consistency and performance.

The primary application of polyquaternium-53 is in personal care products, particularly shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. Its cationic nature allows it to bind electrostatically to negatively charged hair or skin, forming a protective film that reduces static, enhances wet and dry combability, and improves manageability. It provides conditioning benefits, such as smoothness and softness, without excessive buildup, making it suitable for both rinse-off and leave-in formulations. In skin care, it is used in moisturizers and cleansers to improve hydration and sensory properties. Its film-forming ability also makes it valuable in styling products, where it provides hold and humidity resistance. In pharmaceuticals, it may be explored as a component in topical delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and adhesion properties.

In academic research, polyquaternium-53 is studied for its interactions with biological surfaces, polymer-surfactant interactions, and environmental impact, as cationic polymers can persist in aquatic systems. Its biodegradability and toxicity are areas of ongoing investigation to ensure eco-friendly formulations. Commercially, it is supplied by companies like Lubrizol or Ashland under trade names, often as aqueous solutions or dispersions for easy incorporation into cosmetic formulations.

The significance of polyquaternium-53 lies in its role as a multifunctional cationic polymer that delivers superior conditioning, film-forming, and sensory benefits in personal care products. Its development reflects progress in polymer synthesis and cosmetic chemistry. By enhancing the performance of hair and skin care formulations, it has become a critical tool in advancing personal care and pharmaceutical research.