Propofol
[CAS# 2078-54-8]

Identification

• Classification: API >> Anesthetic agents >> General anesthetics
• Name: Propofol
• Synonyms: Diprivan; 2,6-Diisopropylphenol
• Molecular Formula: C₁₂H₁₈O
• Molecular Weight: 178.27
• CAS Registry Number: 2078-54-8
• EC Number: 218-206-6
• SMILES: CC(C)C1=C(C(=CC=C1)C(C)C)O

Properties

• Solubility: 100 mM (ethano)
• Density: 0.962
• Melting point: 18 ºC
• Boiling point: 256 ºC (764 mmHg)
• Refractive index: 1.513-1.515
• Flash point: 45 ºC

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS07 Warning
• Hazard Statements: H302-H315-H319-H335
• Precautionary Statements: P261-P264-P264+P265-P270-P271-P280-P301+P317-P302+P352-P304+P340-P305+P351+P338-P319-P321-P330-P332+P317-P337+P317-P362+P364-P403+P233-P405-P501

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H302
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H335
Skin corrosion	Skin Corr.	1B	H314
Acute hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Acute	1	H400
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	1	H410
Acute toxicity	Acute Tox.	4	H312
Chronic hazardous to the aquatic environment	Aquatic Chronic	2	H411
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2A	H319
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure	STOT SE	3	H336
Reproductive toxicity	Repr.	1A	H360

• Transport Information: UN 2810

Discovory and Applicatios

Propofol, chemically known as 2,6-diisopropylphenol, is a widely used intravenous anesthetic. Its rapid onset and short duration of action make it ideal for induction and maintenance of anesthesia and sedation. Propofol was discovered by John B. Glen of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in the 1970s while searching for a new anesthetic. The researchers aimed to develop an anesthetic with good pharmacokinetics and safer than existing anesthetics. After extensive trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety, propofol was introduced into clinical practice in 1986. Propofol is a phenol derivative characterized by its lipid solubility, which facilitates rapid onset of action and clearance from the body.

Propofol is primarily used to induce and maintain general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action, usually within 30 seconds, and a short duration of action, allowing for precise control of the depth of anesthesia, which can be quickly adjusted during surgery, helping patients recover more smoothly. Propofol is rapidly cleared from the body, which minimizes postoperative drowsiness, making it suitable for outpatient surgery and allowing patients to be discharged the same day. This efficiency reduces hospital stays and increases patient throughput.

Propofol is commonly used for sedation in various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, such as endoscopy and dental surgery. It is able to provide a calm, relaxed state without deep anesthesia, thereby improving patient comfort and compliance during minimally invasive procedures. In the intensive care unit (ICU), propofol is used for sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. Its favorable pharmacokinetic properties allow for continuous infusion, providing consistent sedation levels and making patient management easier.

Propofol has antiemetic properties that can reduce the incidence of PONV, a common postoperative complication. This property can improve patient comfort and satisfaction after surgery. Propofol has been used to treat severe pruritus caused by conditions such as cholestasis and uremia. Its efficacy in reducing pruritus may improve the quality of life of patients with these conditions.

The rapid onset and metabolism of propofol allows for rapid patient recovery, thereby reducing the need for prolonged observation and facilitating efficient patient turnover in the surgical setting. Unlike some other anesthetics, propofol does not accumulate in the body with repeated dosing or continuous infusion, making it suitable for long-term use in surgical and critical care settings.

Propofol is used to study the mechanisms of consciousness and anesthesia. Its well-defined effects on brain activity have provided valuable insights into the neural pathways involved in sleep, wakefulness, and sedation. The success of propofol has inspired the development of other intravenous anesthetics with improved safety and efficacy. As a benchmark in anesthesia research, propofol continues to influence the design of new sedatives.

References

1986. Sensitivity to propofol in the elderly. Anaesthesia, 41(5).
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13271.x

1991. Cardiodynamic effects of propofol in comparison with thiopental: assessment with a transesophageal echocardiographic approach. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 72(1).
DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199101000-00006

1986. EFFECTS OF PROPOFOL ON CARDIOVASCULAR DYNAMICS, MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW AND MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 58(9).
DOI: 10.1093/bja/58.9.969