Betaine hydrochloride
[CAS# 590-46-5]

Identification

• Classification: Chemical reagent >> Organic reagent >> Amine salt (ammonium salt)
• Name: Betaine hydrochloride
• Synonyms: 1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium chloride
• Molecular Formula: C₅H₁₂ClNO₂
• Molecular Weight: 153.60
• CAS Registry Number: 590-46-5
• EC Number: 209-683-1
• SMILES: C[N+](C)(C)CC(=O)O.[Cl-]

Properties

• Melting point: 241-242 ºC
• Water solubility: 64.7 g/100 mL (25 ºC)

Safety Data

• Hazard Symbols: GHS06;GHS07 Danger
• Hazard Statements: H318-H319
• Precautionary Statements: P264+P265-P280-P305+P351+P338-P305+P354+P338-P317-P337+P317

Hazard Classification

Hazard	Class	Category Code	Hazard Statement
Serious eye damage	Eye Dam.	1	H318
Eye irritation	Eye Irrit.	2	H319
Skin irritation	Skin Irrit.	2	H315

Discovory and Applicatios

Betaine hydrochloride, commonly known as betaine HCl, is a derivative of betaine, a natural compound found in various plants such as beets, spinach, and whole grains. It has attracted great attention in both the medical and food industries due to its wide range of uses and health benefits.

The discovery of betaine dates back to the 19th century, when German chemist Friedrich Wöhler first isolated betaine from beets in 1863. Since then, the chemical properties and potential health benefits of betaine and its derivatives, including betaine hydrochloride, have been extensively studied. The hydrochloride form of betaine was developed to enhance its stability and solubility, making it more suitable for various applications.

The chemical formula of betaine hydrochloride is C5H11NO2·HCl, and the molecular weight is 153.61 g/mol. It is a white crystalline powder that is very soluble in water. The compound consists of a betaine molecule combined with a hydrochloric acid group, which enhances its acidity and stability. This structure makes betaine HCl a powerful source of hydrochloric acid, which contributes to its use in digestive health.

One of the main applications of betaine HCl is as a digestive aid. It is often used to treat hypochlorhydria, a condition characterized by low gastric acid secretion. Betaine HCl supplements can help increase gastric acid levels, improving digestion and nutrient absorption, especially for people who don't have enough gastric acid. Betaine HCl also plays a role in the methylation process in the body. Methylation is an important biochemical reaction that is involved in various body functions, including DNA synthesis, detoxification, and neurotransmitter production. By providing methyl groups, betaine HCl supports these essential processes and promotes overall health.

In the food industry, betaine HCl is used as a food additive to improve the nutritional value of certain products. It is often added to dietary supplements, functional foods, and beverages to provide additional health benefits. Its ability to improve digestion and support metabolic processes makes it an important ingredient in healthy foods.

Betaine HCl is also used as a feed additive in animal nutrition. It helps improve growth performance and feed efficiency in livestock by enhancing nutrient absorption and promoting overall digestive health. Additionally, it can act as an osmotic agent, helping animals maintain cellular hydration and cope with stressful conditions such as heat and dehydration.

In the pharmaceutical industry, betaine HCl is used to formulate a variety of drugs and supplements. Its stability and solubility make it an ideal candidate for developing oral dosage forms. Additionally, its role in enhancing digestion and nutrient absorption can improve the bioavailability of certain drugs and nutrients.

Ongoing research continues to explore new applications and benefits of betaine HCl. Future studies focus on its potential role in managing metabolic disorders, improving cardiovascular health, and supporting cognitive function. Additionally, advances in formulation technology could lead to the development of more effective and targeted betaine HCl supplements and drug delivery systems.

References

1994. Production of the Escherichia coli betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme required for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine, in transgenic plants. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, 6(5).
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1994.6050749.x

2024. Higher dietary choline intake is associated with increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 124.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.09.002

2016. Synthesis of novel zwitterionic cellulose beads by oxidation and coupling chemistry in water. Cellulose, 23(3).
DOI: 10.1007/s10570-016-0939-5